Littorina saxatilis also has been found at three isolated sites in the south atlantic namibia and south africa, likely representing introduced populations. Institute for marine environmental research, prospect place, the hoe. Littorina saxatilis is a dominant grazer on filamentous and microalgae in north atlantic rocky shores. A total of 477 snails that had individual geometric mor. An littorina saxatilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga littorina, ngan familia nga littorinidae. Success in reciprocal crosses between animals from the type localities of the species of littorina saxatilis olivi and littorina rudis maton indicates that these two taxa are synonymous. Gene expression divergence is therefore likely to be involved in the emergence of incipient species, namely, in a context of adaptive radiation. The same colour morphs as in littorina obtusata, yellow and dark reticulated. Another closely related supposed species littorina tenebrosa montagu 1802 was thought to be distinct because of its different ecological requirements, but current studies have shown that it is not at all clear whether the two are indeed separate species or whether. Ecological speciation and the intertidal snail littorina. A cytogenetic study of the periwinkle littorina keenae. Littorina littorea occurs in the eastern atlantic as well, from northern. Background the introduction of dnabased molecular markers made a revolution in biological systematics.
I utilized mitochondrial dna mtdna sequence data to demonstrate that l. In recent decades biologists studying speciation have come to consider that the process does not necessarily require the presence of a geographical barrier. It is an important food source for crabs, and in some areas birds. Dunn 4 school of biology, faculty of biological sciences, university of leeds, clarendon 5 way, leeds, ls2 9jt, uk 6 7 received 30 april 2016. Glacial history of the north atlantic marine snail. Do the same genes underlie parallel phenotypic divergence in. Our aim was to document morphological and behavioural differences among one. For a fuller picture, students should refer to lewis 1964 where a full account is given of distribution patterns on many different shores throughout. Intraspecific physiological variability of the gastropod littorina saxatilis related to the vertical shore gradient in the white and north seas. Multiple chromosomal rearrangements in a hybrid zone between.
Starchgel electrophoretic techniques were applied to the investigation of molecular genetic variation in populations of the rough periwinkle littorina saxatilis. Littorina article about littorina by the free dictionary. Tolerance to heavy metals in littorina saxatilis from a. The marine snail littorina saxatilis is highly polymorphic for shell colour. Shell colour variation in littorina saxatilis olivi prosobranchia.
Historical biogeography of the marine snail littorina saxatilis. Littorina littorea flat periwinkles littorina obtusata littorina fabalis rough periwinkle littorina saxatilis spire pointed spire flattened colour is particularly variable in the flat periwinkles. We investigated the genomics of rapid parallel adaptation in the marine snail littorina. These gastropods tolerate temporary removal from water well.
In this study, a genomewide expression profiling approach cdnaaflp, validated by quantitative. Insights into the role of differential gene expression on. The same colour morphs as in littorina obtusata, yellow and dark reticulated shells being the commonest. This herbivorous snail feeds during high tide or moist conditions directly on several fucoid algal species such as fucus spiralis, f. Littorina littorea feeds on diatoms, enteromorpha, ulva and porphyra. In europe there are about nine species in this genus, one of which is the rough periwinkle, littorina saxatilis olivi, 1792. The intertidal snail littorina saxatilis has been the focus of a considerable amount of work in this context. Selection for local adaptation in littorina saxatilis. Do the same genes underlie parallel phenotypic divergence. Influence of water motion and reproductive attributes on movement and shelter use in the marine snail littorina saxatilis. Genomic architecture of parallel ecological divergence. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page.
Transcriptomic resources for evolutionary studies in flat. Pdf we investigated variation in shell size and shape of marine snail species of the littorina saxatilis complex l. The name littorina littorea was in common use among scientists by the 1830s1840s, but the species was originally described by linnaeus 1758 as turbo littoreus. Pdf influence of water motion and reproductive attributes on. Littorina davidus roding, 1798 littorina saxatilis 1 2 3 in uska species han gastropoda nga syahan ginhulagway ni olivi hadton 1792. We are grateful to the staff of the nerc biomolecular analysis facility at edinburgh genomics, uk, for library preparation. Genetic differentiation on multiple spatial scales in an. Spire reduced or absent, last whorl constituting most or all of shell. Littorina littorea is a mollusc which is often distributed on rocky coasts, from the upper shore into the sublittoral. In the past 40 years, there has been increasing acceptance that variation in levels of gene expression represents a major source of evolutionary novelty. Littorina is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family littorinidae, the. Littorina saxatilis, common name the rough periwinkle, is a species of small sea snail, a marine.
Intraspecific physiological variability of the gastropod littorina. Littorina are typically found in the littoral zone of seas of temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere, where they often live in large groups. The closest association in spatial distribution and temporal dynamics was observed between 3. The marine snail littorina saxatilis exhibits extreme morphological. The littorina saxatilis genome sequencing project is carried out within the linnaeus centre for marine evolutionary biology at gothenburg university with financial support from the swedish research councils vr and formas. Animals from a site influenced by disused mine runoff in laxey estuary high zinc were compared with animals from less contaminated estuaries peelhigh lead, but lower zinc, and the relatively uncontaminated castletown and. Littorina definition of littorina by the free dictionary. Request pdf selection for local adaptation in littorina saxatilis the intertidal gastropod littorina saxatilis is rapidly emerging as a model system for studying ecological speciation. We report 17 polymorphic rearrangements in a single locality for the coastal marine snail, littorina saxatilis. World register of marine species littorina saxatilis olivi. These species have been the subject of much parasitological study, 58 resulting in considerable knowledge of their trematode parasite diversity galaktionov, 2012. Glacial history of the north atlantic marine snail, littorina. Localities representative of the three beststudied littorina saxatilis hybrid zones. Characterization of polymorphic microsatellites for the.
The study of parallel ecological divergence provides important clues to the operation of natural selection. Volume 16number 1january 1985 marine pollntion bulletin, vol. Hybridisation in the littorina saxatilis species complex. Common periwinkle, littorina littorea mcgill university. The ovoviviparous littorina saxatilis olivi can be found in many intertidal. Young animals with spiral ridges may be confused with littorina saxatilis. Littorina saxatilis is an intertidal rocky shore snail found in the northern atlantic. Littorina a genus of gastropods of the family littorinidae. Littorinidae littorininae littorina littorina arcana. Mapping files were sorted and converted to the bam format using samtools li et. The marine gastropod littorina saxatilis is an example of incomplete. Phylogeographic studies provide critical insight into the evolutionary histories of model organisms. First identified in the 1700s, it has been misidentified as a new species 112 times.
However, in cases of very recent divergence events, the neutral divergence may be too slow, and the analysis of adaptive part of the genome is more informative to reconstruct the recent evolutionary history of young species. Fisher, 1912 turbo sulcatus leach, 1852 littorina compressa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. The intertidal snail littorina saxatilis has been the focus of a considerable amount of work in this context, and it is now thought of as a good case study of ecological speciation. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Embryo abnormalities in the periwinkle, littorina saxatilis as indicators of stress in polluted marine environments d. Parallel divergence often occurs in heterogeneous environments with different kinds of environmental gradients in different locations, but the genomic basis underlying this process is unknown. Common periwinkle, littorina littorea background the common periwinkle, littorina littorea linnaeus 1758, is one of about a dozen species of littorina in the western atlantic turgeon et al. Invasion biology introduced species summary project. Littorina saxatilis, a classic example of marine sympatric speciation. Other articles where littorina saxatilis is discussed. Littorina compressa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Embryo abnormalities in the periwinkle, littorina saxatilis.
Littorina obtusata can be found below the splash zone throughout intertidal shores but is the most abundant at midshore. Littorina synonyms, littorina pronunciation, littorina translation, english dictionary definition of littorina. Littorina saxatilis is currently invasive in the san francisco bay area. Phylogeographic analysis reveals a deep lineage split. The final transcriptome comprises those transcripts with predicted open reading frames and with homologs in. Maryland records of the gastropod, littorina littorea, with a discussion of factors controlling its southern distribution. Littorina the marine gastropod littorina saxatilis olivi, 1792, a common member of intertidal communities in the eastern and western atlantic reid 1996, is a useful model system for evolutionary studies e. The north atlantic intertidal gastropod, littorina saxatilis olivi, 1792, exhibits extreme morphological variation between and within geographic regions and has become a model for studies of local adaptation. Media in category littorina saxatilisthe following 200 files are in this category, out of 281 total. During the breeding season males are easily distinguished by the presence of a penis on the right hand side of the body. A small up to 18mm in height and 14mm wide, ovoviviparous, dioecious, herbivorous snail occurring either in offwhite, greenish, reddish or brown colors. Rather, it now seems to be possible for reproductive barriers to evolve within what was hitherto a single species. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link page. This paper details attempts to breed members of the l.
Taxonomy the littorina saxatilis complex has a great variability. Littorina saxatilis, common name the rough periwinkle, is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles. Littorina saxatilis is also highly polymorphic, and this has given rise to a great deal of taxonomic confusion and synonymy. No shells or preserved specimens survive as types from linnaeus work, and reid 1996 established a lectotype from one of linnaeus drawings along with a diagnosis of the species.
Zonation patterns marine ecology global warming causes. We used genomewide association gwa analysis of geometric morphometric shell traits associated with microgeographic divergence between the two l. Rapid diffusion of littorina littorea on the new england coast. Testing alternative models for sexual isolation in natural. An littorina saxatilis in nahilalakip ha genus nga littorina. Genetic variability in littorina saxatilis from different. It is part of a species complex, the group of rough periwinkles, with its sister species littorina compressa jeffreys and littorina arcana hannaford ellis 8. Population differences were measured in the tolerance of littorina saxatilis from sites around the isle of man, to acute exposure to zinc, lead, copper and cadmium. They recaptured enough of the exposed ecotype to document that bei ng. The final transcriptome comprises those transcripts with predicted open reading frames and with homologs in the littorina saxatilis. Aperture lacking anal sinus, with a more restricted throat.
It commonly reaches densities of several hundred snails per square meter and its removal completely changes the ecosystem of rocky shores. Ng and others published no precopulatory inbreeding avoidance in the intertidal snail, littorina saxatilis find, read and cite all the research you need on. An excellent summary of typical patterns of zonation on sheltered, moderately exposed and exposed shores is given in hawkins and jones 1992. The advantage of proteomics is its ability to reflect the. It lacks pelagic larvae, has a very variable morphology, and shows strong population structure in allozymes janson, 1987. James, 1968 systematics and evolution of littorina littorina saxatilis nigra var. Littorina saxatilis cemeb, university of gothenburg, sweden. Pdf detecting shape differences in species of the littorina. Population differences in behaviour and morphology in the snail. The zonation of plants and animals is often clearly visible on rocky coastlines of the british isles.
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